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  1. Definition of Polio Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a contagious viral disease that primarily affects children under five years old. The poliovirus attacks the nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and, in severe cases, permanent disability. With vaccination efforts worldwide, polio has been significantly reduced but remains a concern in certain regions.

  1. Definition of Arthritis Arthritis is a common disorder affecting the joints, causing inflammation, pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. It includes various types, with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis being the most prevalent. Arthritis can significantly impact quality of life, especially as the condition progresses, making everyday tasks challenging.

  1. Definition of Congenital Flatfoot Congenital flatfoot, also known as congenital flat feet, is a condition where individuals are born with low or no arch in their feet. This results in the entire sole of the foot touching the ground. For many, it does not cause discomfort, but some individuals may experience pain, imbalance, or fatigue due to the lack of support in their feet. Flatfoot is relatively common and can vary in severity and impact.

  1. Definition of Hallux Valgus Hallux valgus, commonly known as a bunion, is a deformity of the joint at the base of the big toe. It occurs when the big toe leans towards the second toe, causing the joint to protrude outward. This misalignment leads to pain, inflammation, and often limits daily activities. Hallux valgus can worsen over time, especially if left untreated, and can significantly affect walking and balance.

  1. Definition of Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and potential joint damage. Unlike other forms of arthritis that occur due to wear and tear, RA primarily targets the lining of the joints, causing swelling and eventually leading to joint deformity if left untreated.

  1. Definition of Genu Varum Genu varum, commonly known as the bow-legged condition, is characterized by an outward curvature of the legs, causing the knees to remain wide apart even when the feet are together. This condition is often seen in young children as part of their natural development, but it can persist into adulthood or develop later in life due to underlying issues. Genu varum can lead to uneven stress on the knees and ankles, potentially affecting gait and leading to joint complications over time.

  1. Definition of Sarcopenia Sarcopenia is an age-related condition characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, which can significantly impact mobility, balance, and quality of life, especially in older adults. Sarcopenia is primarily caused by natural aging, but lifestyle factors, inactivity, and poor diet can accelerate the condition.

  1. Definition of Rickets Rickets is a bone disorder that primarily affects children, resulting in weakened and softened bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. These nutrients are essential for proper bone formation and growth. Rickets often leads to deformities such as bowed legs, stunted growth, and skeletal pain, as bones are not strong enough to support normal weight-bearing activities.

  1. Definition of Osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that primarily affects the long bones, such as those in the arms and legs, particularly near the knee and shoulder. It most commonly occurs in teenagers and young adults and is characterized by the formation of malignant bone cells that destroy healthy bone tissue. Osteosarcoma is an aggressive cancer and requires prompt treatment.

  1. Definition of Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis is a serious infection of the bone, often caused by bacteria that enter through an open wound or spread from another part of the body via the bloodstream. The infection can lead to inflammation, pain, and bone destruction. Osteomyelitis requires prompt medical attention to prevent permanent damage or spread to other areas.

  1. Definition of Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage, which cushions the ends of bones in joints. As cartilage deteriorates, bones begin to rub against each other, causing pain, swelling, and reduced movement. OA is most common in the knees, hips, hands, and spine, primarily affecting middle-aged and older adults.

  1. Definition of Osteopenia Osteopenia is a condition characterized by lower-than-normal bone density, which can eventually lead to osteoporosis if not managed. While it is not as severe as osteoporosis, osteopenia indicates that bones are weaker and more prone to fractures. The condition often occurs as a result of aging, but various factors, including lifestyle and genetics, can contribute to its development.

  1. Definition of Ganglion Cyst A ganglion cyst is a non-cancerous lump that commonly develops along the tendons or joints of the wrists, hands, or ankles. The cyst is filled with a jelly-like fluid and can vary in size, sometimes growing larger with repetitive joint use. Ganglion cysts are usually harmless but can cause discomfort, pain, or limited movement, particularly when they press against nearby nerves.

  1. Definition of Tenosynovitis Tenosynovitis is the inflammation of the synovial sheath that surrounds a tendon. This condition commonly affects the tendons of the wrist, hand, and ankles, causing pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the joints. It is often caused by repetitive movements or overuse of certain tendons, although infections and underlying conditions such as arthritis can also contribute to its development.

  1. Definition of Turtle Neck Syndrome Turtle neck syndrome, also known as forward head posture (FHP) or tech neck, is a condition where the head leans forward, causing a misalignment of the cervical spine. This condition is common among individuals who spend prolonged hours looking at digital screens or working in poor posture. Over time, this posture can lead to various musculoskeletal issues, including neck pain, shoulder tension, and headaches.

  1. Definition of Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Over time, this condition can cause vertebrae to fuse together, leading to reduced flexibility and, in severe cases, a hunched posture. AS is considered a type of autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues, leading to inflammation.

  1. Definition of VDT Syndrome Visual Display Terminal (VDT) syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that arise from prolonged use of digital screens, such as computers, tablets, or smartphones. It primarily affects people who spend long hours working in front of visual display terminals. Common symptoms include eye strain, neck and shoulder pain, headaches, and wrist discomfort. 2. Symptoms of VDT Syndrome The symptoms of VDT syndrome often develop due to long hours of screen exposure and poor posture. Common symptoms include: Eye strain : Excessive screen time can cause tired or dry eyes, resulting in discomfort. Neck and shoulder pain : Sitting for extended periods with improper posture can strain the muscles of the neck and shoulders. Headaches : Eye strain and poor posture can trigger frequent headaches. Blurred vision : Prolonged screen use may lead to difficulty focusing and blurred vision. Hand or wrist discomfort : Repetitive use of keyboards and mouse devices can lead to ...

  1. Definition of Post-Nasal Drip Post-nasal drip (PND) occurs when excess mucus accumulates in the nasal passages and drips down the back of the throat. This can cause irritation and the constant need to clear the throat. PND is often associated with allergies, sinus infections, or colds, but it can also be triggered by other underlying health conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or environmental factors. 2. Symptoms of Post-Nasal Drip The symptoms of post-nasal drip vary depending on the cause, but the most common include: Constant throat clearing : The sensation of mucus in the throat leads to frequent throat clearing. Cough : The mucus irritates the throat, leading to a persistent cough. Sore throat : The back of the throat becomes sore due to the constant presence of mucus. Nasal congestion : PND often occurs alongside nasal congestion or a blocked nose. Feeling of mucus dripping in the throat : This sensation can be bothersome and may persist throughout ...

  1. Definition of Laryngeal Cancer Laryngeal cancer, also known as throat cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the larynx (voice box). The larynx is located at the base of the throat and is responsible for producing sound and helping with breathing. Laryngeal cancer can affect the vocal cords, and the surrounding tissue, and may spread to nearby structures. It is commonly associated with risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use. 2. Symptoms of Laryngeal Cancer The symptoms of laryngeal cancer vary based on the size and location of the tumor. The most common symptoms include: Hoarseness : Persistent changes in the voice or hoarseness that does not go away. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) : The tumor may obstruct the throat, making swallowing food and liquids difficult. Lump in the throat or neck : A visible or palpable lump may develop due to the growth of the tumor. Chronic cough : A continuous cough, sometimes with blood, may occur. Ear pain : Referred pain from t...

  1. Definition of Tonsil Cancer Tonsil cancer, also known as tonsillar carcinoma, is a type of oropharyngeal cancer that develops in the tissues of the tonsils. Most tonsil cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, but other types of cancer can also form in this region. Tonsil cancer is often linked to certain risk factors, such as smoking, heavy alcohol use, and infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). 2. Symptoms of Tonsil Cancer Tonsil cancer symptoms can be subtle at first, but they tend to worsen over time as the cancer grows. Key symptoms include: Persistent sore throat : A sore throat that does not improve with time or treatment. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) : Cancer growth can obstruct the throat, making it difficult to swallow food or liquids. Lump in the neck : Swollen lymph nodes or a lump in the neck may indicate the spread of cancer. Ear pain : Referred pain from the throat may cause discomfort or pain in the ears. Unexplained weight loss : Rapid weight loss ma...

  1. Definition of Tonsillitis Tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped tissues located at the back of the throat. This condition is most commonly caused by viral infections, though bacterial infections like streptococcus can also cause it. Tonsillitis can affect individuals of all ages but is most common in children. 2. Symptoms of Tonsillitis Tonsillitis presents with a variety of symptoms, depending on whether it is viral or bacterial. Common symptoms include: Sore throat : Severe throat pain, which is often the first sign of tonsillitis. Swollen tonsils : Inflammation causes the tonsils to become red, enlarged, and sometimes covered in white or yellow patches. Difficulty swallowing : The swelling can make swallowing painful and difficult. Fever : Many patients with tonsillitis experience a high fever. Bad breath : The bacterial growth in the inflamed tonsils can cause halitosis. Swollen lymph nodes : Inflammation may spread to nearby lymph nodes, causing ...

  1. Definition of Tonsil Stones Tonsil stones, medically referred to as tonsilloliths, are small calcified formations that occur in the tonsillar crypts, which are the crevices found in the tonsils. These stones consist of a buildup of various materials such as food debris, dead cells, mucus, and bacteria. Over time, this material can harden and calcify, forming stones. Tonsil stones are typically small but can vary in size, sometimes growing large enough to cause noticeable symptoms. 2. Symptoms of Tonsil Stones Tonsil stones can vary in symptoms depending on their size and location. The most common symptoms include: Sore throat : Irritation or inflammation in the throat due to the stones pressing on the tonsils. Bad breath (halitosis) : One of the hallmark signs of tonsil stones. The bacteria within the stones can produce sulfur compounds, leading to foul-smelling breath. Difficulty swallowing : Larger stones can make it feel as though something is obstructing the throat, making...

  1. Definition of Laryngopharyngitis Laryngopharyngitis is an inflammation of both the larynx (voice box) and pharynx (throat). It can result in discomfort, hoarseness, and difficulty in speaking or swallowing. 2. Causes of Laryngopharyngitis Common causes include: Viral infections : Most cases are due to viral infections such as the common cold or flu. Bacterial infections : Streptococcal infections can also lead to laryngopharyngitis. Allergies : Environmental factors like pollen can irritate the throat. Voice strain : Excessive use of the vocal cords, such as shouting or singing, can cause inflammation. Acid reflux : Stomach acid traveling up the esophagus may irritate the throat.

  1. Definition of BPPV Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is a common inner ear disorder that causes brief episodes of dizziness or vertigo triggered by changes in the position of the head. It is often caused by the displacement of small crystals within the inner ear. 2. Causes of BPPV Common causes of BPPV include: Dislodged ear crystals : The movement of calcium carbonate crystals in the inner ear canals can disrupt balance. Head injury : Trauma to the head can cause BPPV. Aging : The likelihood of BPPV increases as we age due to degeneration of the inner ear. Ear infections : Infections may disrupt inner ear function.

  1. Definition of Tinnitus Tinnitus refers to the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears that are not caused by an external source. These noises can range from a low hum to a high-pitched squeal.  2. Causes of Tinnitus The most common causes include: Loud noise exposure : Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage the inner ear cells. Ear infections : Inflammation or infections can trigger tinnitus. Aging : Age-related hearing loss may also lead to tinnitus. Head or neck injuries : Injuries in these areas can affect the auditory system. Certain medications : Some drugs have side effects that cause or worsen tinnitus.

  1. Definition of Otitis Externa Otitis externa, commonly known as swimmer's ear, is an infection of the outer ear canal caused by water remaining in the ear after swimming, creating a moist environment that promotes bacterial growth. 2. Causes of Otitis Externa The common causes include: Moisture in the ear : Prolonged moisture can promote bacterial or fungal growth. Injuries to the ear canal : Cleaning the ear with cotton swabs or fingernails can damage the skin inside the canal. Allergies : Allergic reactions to hair products or jewelry may trigger inflammation.

  1. Definition of Allergic Rhinitis Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a condition where the immune system reacts to allergens like pollen, dust, or pet dander, causing inflammation of the nasal passages. 2. Causes of Allergic Rhinitis Common causes include: Pollen : One of the most common allergens, especially in spring and fall. Dust mites : Tiny creatures found in house dust. Pet dander : Proteins found in an animal’s skin, saliva, or urine. Mold : Spores that can trigger allergic reactions.

  1. Definition of Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea is a serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts. This can cause interrupted sleep and other health problems if left untreated. 2. Causes of Sleep Apnea The common causes include: Obesity : Excess weight increases pressure on the airways. Aging : Older adults are more likely to develop sleep apnea. Nasal congestion : Persistent nasal congestion can block airflow during sleep.

  1. Definition of Upper Respiratory Infection Upper respiratory infection (URI) refers to an infection of the nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx, which can result in common illnesses like the cold or flu. These infections are often viral but can sometimes be caused by bacteria. 2. Causes of Upper Respiratory Infection Common causes include: Viruses : Most upper respiratory infections are caused by viruses, such as rhinovirus, influenza, or coronaviruses. Bacterial infection : Less commonly, bacteria like Streptococcus can cause URIs. Environmental factors : Cold air, allergens, or exposure to smoke can increase the risk.

  1. Definition of Nosebleed Nosebleed, medically known as epistaxis, is a common condition where blood flows from one or both nostrils. It can occur due to various reasons and can be either mild or severe. 2. Causes of Nosebleeds Common causes include: Dry air : Dry climates or heated indoor air can dry out the nasal membranes. Nasal injury : Trauma to the nose from accidents or aggressive nose-picking. Allergies : Irritation from allergic reactions can lead to nosebleeds. Medications : Blood thinners and nasal sprays may increase the risk.

  1. Definition of Deviated Septum A deviated septum occurs when the nasal septum, the bone, and cartilage that divide the nasal cavity in half, is off-center or crooked, making breathing difficult. This condition can lead to frequent sinus infections, nosebleeds, and trouble breathing. 2. Causes of Deviated Septum The primary causes include: Congenital : Some individuals are born with a deviated septum. Injury : Trauma to the nose, such as a sports injury or an accident, can shift the septum. Aging : Natural aging may worsen a mildly deviated septum.

  1. Definition of Sinusitis Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses that occurs when they become infected or blocked. The condition can cause nasal congestion, facial pain, pressure, and postnasal drip. It is classified into acute (lasting less than 4 weeks) and chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks). 2. Causes of Sinusitis The most common causes include: Infections : Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Allergies : Allergic reactions that lead to nasal inflammation. Nasal polyps : Non-cancerous growths in the nasal passages can block drainage. Deviated septum : A crooked nasal septum can impede sinus drainage.

1. Definition of Meniere's Disease Meniere’s disease is a chronic inner ear disorder that causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ear), and a sensation of fullness in the affected ear. It often affects only one ear and can lead to progressive hearing loss over time. 2. Causes of Meniere's Disease The exact cause is unknown, but potential triggers include: Fluid buildup : An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the inner ear, which affects balance and hearing. Infections : Viral or bacterial infections that may lead to inflammation. Immune system disorders : Some cases are linked to autoimmune conditions. Genetics : A family history of Meniere's disease increases the risk.

  1. Definition of Chronic Otitis Media Chronic otitis media is a persistent inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by repeated infections or poor ventilation in the ear. It can last for more than 3 months and may lead to hearing loss if not treated properly. 2. Causes of Chronic Otitis Media The most common causes include: Repeated infections : Frequent ear infections can damage the middle ear. Poor eustachian tube function : Blocked eustachian tubes can prevent fluid drainage. Allergies : Nasal congestion from allergies can lead to chronic ear infections. Sinusitis : Sinus infections can spread to the middle ear, causing inflammation.

  1. Definition of Chronic Rhinitis Chronic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal passages lasting for more than 12 weeks, leading to persistent nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, and postnasal drip. It can be caused by allergies, infections, or irritants. 2. Causes of Chronic Rhinitis The causes include: Allergic reactions : Allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Non-allergic triggers : Irritants like smoke, strong odors, or temperature changes. Infections : Bacterial or viral infections can cause long-term inflammation. Hormonal changes : Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy or due to medications.

  1. Definition of Chronic Sinusitis Chronic sinusitis is a long-term inflammation of the sinuses lasting for 12 weeks or longer, even with treatment. This condition causes mucus to build up, leading to nasal congestion, facial pain, and difficulty breathing. 2. Causes of Chronic Sinusitis The most common causes include: Infections : Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can trigger chronic sinusitis. Nasal polyps : Growths in the nasal passages can block airflow and mucus drainage. Allergies : Conditions like hay fever can inflame and block the sinuses. Deviated septum : A crooked septum can obstruct the sinuses and lead to chronic symptoms. Immune system conditions : Diseases that affect the immune system can make you more prone to sinus infections.

  1. Definition of Age-Related Hearing Loss Age-related hearing loss, also known as presbycusis, is a gradual loss of hearing that occurs as people age. It typically affects both ears and is caused by changes in the inner ear, auditory nerve, or both. 2. Causes of Age-Related Hearing Loss Presbycusis is primarily caused by the natural aging process, but other factors may contribute, such as: Noise exposure : Prolonged exposure to loud noise can accelerate hearing loss. Genetics : A family history of hearing loss can increase susceptibility. Health conditions : Conditions like hypertension and diabetes can contribute to hearing loss. Medications : Ototoxic drugs can damage the inner ear.

  1. Definition of Hearing Loss Hearing loss refers to a partial or total inability to hear sounds. It can occur in one or both ears and can range from mild to profound. Hearing loss may develop gradually over time or suddenly due to injury or illness. 2. Causes of Hearing Loss Hearing loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including: Aging : Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss, is a common cause. Loud noise exposure : Prolonged exposure to loud sounds can damage the inner ear and lead to hearing loss. Ear infections : Recurrent ear infections can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. Injury or trauma : Injuries to the ear or head can result in hearing impairment. Genetic factors : Some forms of hearing loss are inherited and may appear in childhood or later in life. Ototoxic medications : Certain drugs can damage the inner ear and lead to hearing loss.

  1. Definition of Pollen Allergy Pollen allergy, also known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis, occurs when the immune system overreacts to pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds. The body mistakenly identifies pollen as harmful, triggering allergic reactions such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. 2. Causes of Pollen Allergy Pollen allergy is caused by an overactive immune response to: Pollen grains : Released by trees, grasses, and weeds during specific seasons, pollen grains are inhaled and trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. Seasonal patterns : Pollen allergies are often worse during certain times of the year when specific plants are in bloom, such as spring or late summer.

  1. Definition of Acute Otitis Media Acute otitis media is an infection of the middle ear, commonly caused by bacteria or viruses. This condition is most frequent in young children but can occur at any age. It often results from an upper respiratory infection that spreads to the middle ear. 2. Causes of Acute Otitis Media The causes of acute otitis media include: Bacterial or viral infections : Common infections like colds, flu, or sinusitis can spread to the middle ear. Allergies : Allergies may cause fluid buildup in the middle ear, leading to infection. Eustachian tube dysfunction : The Eustachian tube helps drain fluid from the ear. If it becomes blocked, fluid can build up and cause infection.

  1. Definition of Oral Cancer Oral cancer refers to the growth of malignant cells in the mouth or throat, often affecting the lips, tongue, cheeks, and gums. It is a serious condition that can spread to other parts of the body if not treated early. Early detection and treatment are crucial for better outcomes. 2. Causes of Oral Cancer Oral cancer can be caused by several risk factors, including: Tobacco use : Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or using smokeless tobacco significantly increases the risk of oral cancer. Alcohol consumption : Excessive alcohol intake is another major risk factor. HPV infection : Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancers, particularly in the oropharynx. Sun exposure : Prolonged exposure to the sun can increase the risk of lip cancer. Poor oral hygiene : Chronic irritation from poor dental care or ill-fitting dentures may contribute to oral cancer development.

  1. Definition of Tympanitis Tympanitis, also known as eardrum inflammation, occurs when the eardrum becomes swollen or irritated, often due to infections or injuries. This condition can affect hearing and cause discomfort or pain in the ear. It may result from bacterial or viral infections, or even physical trauma to the ear. 2. Causes of Tympanitis Tympanitis can be caused by various factors, including: Ear infections : Middle ear infections (otitis media) are a common cause of eardrum inflammation. Viral infections : Viruses like colds or the flu can spread to the ear and cause tympanitis. Injury : Physical trauma, such as poking the ear with an object or loud noise exposure, can lead to eardrum inflammation. Pressure changes : Sudden changes in air pressure (barotrauma), such as during airplane travel or diving, can irritate the eardrum.

  1. Definition of AIDS AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the advanced stage of HIV infection. It occurs when the immune system becomes severely compromised due to the destruction of CD4 cells (a type of white blood cell), leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. 2. Causes of AIDS AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is transmitted through: Sexual contact : HIV can be spread through unprotected sexual activity with an infected person. Blood exposure : Sharing needles or being exposed to infected blood can transmit the virus. Mother-to-child transmission : HIV can be passed from a mother to her baby during childbirth or breastfeeding. Contaminated blood transfusions : Although rare in modern healthcare, contaminated blood products can also transmit HIV.

  1. Definition of Measles Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. It primarily affects children but can occur in individuals of any age. Measles is characterized by a distinctive red rash, fever, and respiratory symptoms. The disease can lead to severe complications, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. 2. Causes of Measles Measles is caused by the measles virus, which spreads through: Respiratory droplets : When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny droplets containing the virus can be inhaled by others. Direct contact : Touching surfaces contaminated with the virus can also result in infection. Highly contagious : Measles is extremely contagious, with a 90% infection rate among non-immune individuals exposed to the virus.

  1. Definition of Eosinophilia Eosinophilia refers to an elevated level of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood. Eosinophils play a role in immune responses, especially in fighting parasitic infections and responding to allergic reactions. When eosinophil levels are abnormally high, it can indicate underlying health conditions. 2. Causes of Eosinophilia Eosinophilia can be caused by various factors, including: Allergic reactions : Conditions like asthma, hay fever, and food allergies can trigger eosinophilia. Parasitic infections : Parasites such as roundworms, hookworms, or other types can elevate eosinophil levels. Autoimmune diseases : Certain autoimmune conditions, like lupus or vasculitis, may cause eosinophilia. Medications : Certain drugs, including some antibiotics and anticonvulsants, can lead to increased eosinophils. Cancer : Some cancers, particularly blood cancers like leukemia, can result in eosinophilia.

  1. Definition of Herpes Virus Infection Herpes virus infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which is categorized into two types: HSV-1, primarily causing oral herpes (cold sores), and HSV-2, mainly responsible for genital herpes. The virus remains in the body and can reactivate, causing recurrent outbreaks. 2. Causes of Herpes Virus Infection Herpes virus is spread through direct contact with an infected person's skin, mucous membranes, or bodily fluids. The primary causes include: Oral-to-oral contact : HSV-1 is often transmitted through kissing or sharing utensils. Sexual contact : HSV-2 is typically spread through sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Touching sores : Contact with active sores or the fluid from herpes blisters can spread the virus.

  1. Definition of Rubella Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It primarily affects children and young adults but can be dangerous for pregnant women as it can lead to serious birth defects. Rubella is characterized by a distinctive red rash and mild flu-like symptoms. 2. Causes of Rubella Rubella is caused by the rubella virus, which spreads through: Respiratory droplets : Coughing and sneezing can spread the virus from an infected person. Direct contact : Touching surfaces contaminated with respiratory droplets can also result in transmission. Pregnancy : A pregnant woman infected with rubella can pass the virus to her unborn baby, leading to congenital rubella syndrome.

  1. Definition of Sepsis Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs. It occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight an infection trigger widespread inflammation, leading to organ failure or death if not promptly treated. 2. Causes of Sepsis Sepsis is caused by an infection, which can originate from various sources such as: Bacterial infections : These are the most common cause, but viral, fungal, or parasitic infections can also lead to sepsis. Lung infections (pneumonia) : This can spread to the bloodstream. Urinary tract infections : Especially in elderly patients, this is a common source of sepsis. Abdominal infections : Such as appendicitis or peritonitis. Wound infections : Especially surgical wounds or injuries.