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  1. Definition Lumbar spinal stenosis is a condition where the spinal canal in the lower back becomes narrowed, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. This narrowing often leads to pain, numbness, or weakness in the lower back and legs.

  1. Definition Lumbar disc herniation, commonly known as a herniated disc, occurs when the soft center of a spinal disc (nucleus pulposus) pushes through a tear in the tougher exterior (annulus fibrosus). This condition often compresses nearby nerves, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness, especially in the lower back and legs.

  1. Definition Genu valgum, commonly known as knock-knee, is a condition where the knees angle inward and touch while the ankles remain apart. This alignment creates a characteristic "X" shape of the legs. Genu valgum can be observed in children but may persist into adulthood in certain cases. 2. Symptoms The main symptoms of genu valgum include: Inward knee alignment : Knees touch while standing, but ankles do not. Walking difficulties : Affected individuals may walk with an altered gait. Knee pain : Due to misalignment, there is increased pressure on the inner knee. Leg fatigue : Extra strain on the muscles around the knee can cause fatigue. In severe cases, genu valgum can lead to joint pain and long-term knee issues. 3. Diagnosis Diagnosis of genu valgum includes: Physical examination : A doctor assesses leg alignment and measures the distance between the ankles. Imaging tests : X-rays or MRIs are used to evaluate bone structure and rule out underlying conditions. Gait a...

  1. Definition A sprain is an injury to a ligament, which is the tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones at a joint. Sprains occur when a joint is twisted or stretched beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in partial or complete tearing of the ligament.

  1. Definition Achilles tendinitis is an overuse injury of the Achilles tendon, the band of tissue that connects calf muscles to the heel bone. It is common among runners and athletes who engage in activities involving repetitive stress on the tendon.

  1. Definition An Achilles tendon rupture is a complete or partial tear of the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. It typically occurs when the tendon is overstretched or experiences a sudden, forceful impact.